University startups and ventures and the competitiveness of the country: experience of Japan

The article deals with the problems of development of university science in Japan, highlights the role of university startups and ventures in the innovative development of Japan and the improvement of national competitiveness. In the age of the fourth industrial revolution, the transnationalization of business, and the shift of the focus of competition towards the innovation sphere, the scientific and technical strategy of Japan is undergoing significant changes. In the context of building the Society 5.0 - a “super smart society, where new values and services will be created through the active use of cyberspace, which will bring prosperity to the people” - what becomes prioritized are such directions of scientific-technical and innovation policy as the consolidation of efforts of business, government, and academia, a more active use of the potential of university science on the principles of “open innovation”, the commercialization of research results conducted by universities, and the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the form of startups and ventures. The national policy of support for university venture companies, which has been implemented for 20 years, is represented by three main areas: assistance in the creation of new startups, support for existing ones, strengthening their financial base. The most relevant direction of modern-day policy is the creation of the “startup ecosystem” - a mechanism in which entrepreneurs, existing companies, universities, research institutes, financial institutions, and government agencies can interact as participants in the cyclical process of company foundation, growth, maturity, and renewal. The author analyzes the organizational and legal basis of this policy, its financial instruments. The author pays special attention to the study of the Japanese practice of protection of intellectual property rights to the results of research conducted at universities and the creation of technology transfer systems at universities (TLO). The article deals with the forms of interaction between university science and business, as well as the main types of startups focused on universities, highlights the activities of universities in the field of intensification of research, commercialization of its results, including through patenting, as well as the problems of management of university science and the introduction of modern business practices in this area.

Япония, университеты, инновационная политика, конкурентоспособность, стартапы, венчуры, «открытые инновации», «экосистема стартапов», права интеллектуальной собственности, Japan, universities, innovation policy, competitiveness, startups, venture capital, “open innovation”, “startup ecosystem”, intellectual property rights

1. Википедия. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur_in_Residence (дата обращения: 18.10.2018).

2. Герасимова Н.Н. «Инновационное взаимодействие» как принцип реализации открытых инноваций // Инновации. 2009. №11. URL: http://innov.etu.ru/innov/archive.nsf/0d592545e5d69ff3c32568fe00319ec1/6349fd3f0fc048edc3257871003ae249?OpenDocument (дата обращения: 18.10.2018).

3. Руководство по созданию и развитию инновационных центров. URL: http://nauka.x-pdf.ru/17raznoe/576196-5-rukovodstvo-sozdaniyu-razvitiyu-innovacionnih-centrov-rukovodstvo-sozdaniyu-razvitiyu-innovacionnih-centrov-tehnologii.php (дата обращения: 18.10.2018).

4. Словари и энциклопедии. URL: http://vslovare.info (дата обращения: 18.10.2018).

5. Словарь бизнес-терминов. URL: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/business/20355 (дата обращения: 18.10.2018). URL: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/business/19021(дата обращения: 18.10.2018).

6. Тимонина И.Л. Япония: опыт регионального развития. М.: Наука, 1992. 127 с.

7. Тройная спираль по-шведски. URL: http://sk.ru/news/b/press/archive/2012/04/16/statya-o-tehnoparke-ideon-shveciya-na-osnovanii-intervyu-s-generalnym-direktorom-upravlyayuschey-kompanii-tehnoparka-tomasom-myollerom-i-otcomosnovatelem-ideona-svenomtorom-holmom.aspx (дата обращения: 18.10.2018).

8. Фичи Л., Малыженков П.В., Пиккароцци М., Мелешина Е.С. Проектирование спин-оффов как организационная практика: Методологический подход // Бизнес-информатика. 2016. №3. С. 7-14. DOI: 10.17323/1998-0663.2016.3.7.14. URL: https://bijournal.hse.ru/data/2017/01/25/1113626110/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%20%D0%B8%20%D0%B4%D1%80%20(Ru).pdf (дата обращения: 18.10.2018).

9. Циклопедия. URL: http://cyclowiki.org/wiki/Proof_of_concept (дата обращения: 18.10.2018).

10. Чесбро Генри. Открытые инновации. Создание прибыльных технологий. М.: Поколение, 2007.

11. Abenomics. June 2018. URL: https://www.japan.go.jp/abenomics/_userdata/abenomics/pdf/1806_abenomics.pdf (дата обращения: 27.09.2018).

12. About Division of University Corporate Relations, University of Tokyo. Division of University Corporate Relations (DUCR). URL: http://www.ducr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/organization/organization.html (дата обращения: 03.10.2018).

13. Contract Guidelines on Data Utilization Rights ver. 1.0 Formulated. URL: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2017/0530_002.htmlhttp://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2017/0530_002.html http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2017/pdf/0530_002a.pdf (дата обращения: 03.10.2018).

14. Escoffier, L. Japan’s Technology Transfer System: Challenges and Opportunities for European SMEs EU-Japan Centre for European SMEs. April 2015. URL: https://www.eu-japan.eu/sites/eu-japan.eu/files/TechnologyTransfer_final.pdf (дата обращения: 02.08.2018).

15. Higher Education in Japan. URL: http://www.mext.go.jp/en/policy/education/highered/title03/detail03/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2012/06/19/1302653_1.pdf (дата обращения: 03.10.2018).

16. Industrial Cluster Policy. URL: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/policy/sme_chiiki/industrial_cluster_en.html (дата обращения: 03.10.2018).

17. Industrial Cluster Project 2009. URL: http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/local_economy/tiikiinnovation/source/2009Cluster(E).pdf (дата обращения: 03.10.2018).

18. Looking forward to research cooperation with industries by the University of Tokyo. URL: http://www.ducr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/mission/greeting.html (дата обращения: 27.09.2018).

19. METI Releases Report by Study Group on Ideal Approaches to University-Oriented Venture Businesses. URL: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2018/0619_002.html (дата обращения: 09.10.2018).

20. National Universities, URL: http://www.mext.go.jp/en/about/relatedsites/title01/detail01/sdetail01/1375122.htm (дата обращения: 03.10.2018).

21. Program for Promoting the Enhancement of Research Universities. URL: http://www.aip.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ru/english/menu_a/index.html (дата обращения: 27.09.2018).

22. Related support companies, University of Tokyo. Division of University Corporate Relations (DUCR). URL: http://www.ducr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/activity/venture/support.html (дата обращения: 03.10.2018).

23. Report by the Study Group for Ideal Approaches to University-Oriented Venture Businesses [Summary], June 2018. URL: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2018/pdf/0619_002a.pdf (дата обращения: 03.10.2018).

24. Results of FY2017 Survey on University-oriented Venture Business Compiled and Operation of Database Thereof Started. URL: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2018/0309_005.html (дата обращения: 27.09.2018).

25. Statistical Handbook of Japan 2018. URL: http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/c0117.html#c08 (дата обращения: 03.10.2018).

26. TNW. URL: https://thenextweb.com/russian/2014/08/18/entrepreneur-residence (дата обращения: 03.10.2018)

27. University Startups DB. URL: http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/innovation_corp/univ_startups_db/en (дата обращения: 03.10.2018).

28. White Paper on Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in Japan 2017. URL: http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001216011.pdf (дата обращения: 02.10.2018).

29. White Paper on Science and Technology 2003. Part1 1.1 1.1.1. URL: http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/html/hpag200301/hpag200301_2_004.html#tb1010101 (дата обращения: 03.10.2018).

30. White Paper on Science and Technology 2006. URL: http://www.mext.go.jp/en/publication/whitepaper/title03/detail03/sdetail03/sdetail03/1372926.htm (дата обращения: 17.10.2018).

31. White Paper on Science and Technology 2017. URL: http://www.mext.go.jp/component/english/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2018/04/05/1403453_004.pdf; URL: http://www.mext.go.jp/component/english/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2018/04/05/1403453_010.pdf (дата обращения: 03.10.2018).

32. Winners of the Award for Academic Startups 2018 Program Selected. URL: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2018/0810_001.html (дата обращения: 03.10.2018).