japanjournalЯпонские исследованияJapanese Studies in Russia2500-2872Association of Japanologists; Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences10.55105/2500-2872-2026-1-127-148japanjournal-657Research ArticleИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИRESEARCH ARTICLESПечать наборным шрифтом в Японии конца XVI — второй половины XIX веков: нерешенные загадки и дискуссионные вопросыTypesetting in Japan from the late 16th to the second half of the 19th century: Unsolved mysteries and controversial issueshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3214-5610ТоропыгинаМ. В.ToropyginaM. V.

Торопыгина Мария Владимировна, кандидат филологических наук, старший научный сотрудник

107031, Москва, ул. Рождественка, д. 12

Toropygina, Maria V., Candidate of Sciences (Philology), Senior Researcher

107031 Moscow, Rozhdestvenka Street 12

meshtorop@gmail.comИнститут востоковедения РАНРоссияInstitute of Oriental Studies RASRussian Federation20260404202601127148Copyright © Торопыгина М.В., 20262026Торопыгина М.В.Toropygina M.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/657

Одной из главных особенностей японского книгоиздания периода Эдо является то, что книги издавались ксилографическим способом. Однако в начале периода, с конца XVI в. и до середины 1620-х гг. преобладала печать подвижными литерами, а в течение следующей четверти века печать наборным шрифтом хоть и потеряла свою лидирующую позицию, однако доля книг, изданных при помощи этой технологии, была ощутимой. Со второй половины XVII в. больших издательских проектов, основанных на печати подвижным шрифтом, не предпринималось, однако частные лица, клановые и частные школы продолжали выпускать малотиражную литературу таким способом. С подвижными литерами Япония познакомилась в 1590-х гг., тогда Миссия иезуитов начала выпускать книги по европейской технологии, изобретенной Гутенбергом, а из корейского похода, предпринятого Тоётоми Хидэёси, были привезены корейские подвижные литеры, на основе которых были сделаны первые японские наборные шрифты. В начальные годы распространения книгопечатания к издательской деятельности имели отношение императоры Гоё:дзэй и Гомидзуноо, Токугава Иэясу, представители придворной знати и высшего самурайства, буддийские храмы. Выпускали книги и частные лица, среди них врачи ОдзэХоан, МанасэГэ нсаку, Исокава Рё:ан, богатый купец Суминокура Соан. С печатью подвижными литерами связаны многие достижения в книгопечатании, о которых можно сказать «впервые»: впервые были изданы книги светского содержания; книги на японском языке; японская классика; произведения новой японской литературы. Этот период книгопечатания давно и активно изучается как в Японии, так и за ее пределами, но все же остается немало загадок, с ним связанных. Остается и ряд дискуссионных вопросов, к которым постоянно возвращаются исследователи. Период наборной печати показал большой потенциал этой технологии, тем не менее, она практически полностью уступила место ксилографии. Главную причину этого ученые видят в удобстве ксилографии для коммерческого книгопечатания, однако и других доводов приводится немало. Влияние корейского книгопечатания на японское легко проследить, однако влияние (или отсутствие влияния) европейской технологии — дискуссионный вопрос, которому в последнее время историки книги уделяют большое внимание.

One of the main features of Japanese book publishing in the Edo period is that books were published using woodblock printing. However, at the beginning of the period, from the end of the 16th century to the mid-1620s, movable type printing prevailed, and, over the next quarter of a century, movable type printing, although losing its leading position, still made up a significant share of books. From the second half of the 17th century, large publishing projects based on movable type printing were no longer undertaken, but private individuals, clan and private schools continued to publish small-circulation literature in this way. Japan became acquainted with movable type in the 1590s, when the Jesuit Mission began publishing books using the European technology invented by Gutenberg, and Korean movable type was brought from the Korean campaign undertaken by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, on the basis of which the first Japanese movable typefaces were made. In the early years of the spread of book printing, the emperors Goyôzei and Gomizunoo, Tokugawa Ieyasu, representatives of the court nobility and high samurai, and Buddhist temples were involved in publishing. Books were also published by private individuals, including the physicians Oze Hoan, Manase Gensaku, Isokawa Ryôan, and the wealthy merchant Suminokura Soan. Many achievements in book printing came into sight with movable type printing: secular books were published for the first time, as well as books in Japanese, Japanese classics, works of new Japanese literature. This period of book printing has long been actively studied both in Japan and abroad, and yet many mysteries associated with it remain. There are also a number of controversial issues that researchers constantly return to. The period of typesetting showed the great potential of this technology, but nevertheless it almost completely gave way to woodcut printing. The main reason for this is the convenience of woodblock printing for commercial book printing, but many other arguments are also given by scholars. The influence of Korean book printing on Japanese one is easy to trace, but the influence (or lack of the influence) of European technology is a controversial issue, which has recently received much attention from book historians.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.