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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">japanjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Японские исследования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Japanese Studies in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-2872</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Association of Japanologists; Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55105/2500-2872-2025-4-112-124</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">japanjournal-602</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Представления о болезнях и методах врачевания в период Хэйан (794—1185)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ideas about disease and healing methods in Heian-era Japan</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1092-9046</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грачев</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grachev</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Грачев Максим Васильевич, кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры истории и культуры Японии Института стран Азии и Африки</p><p>125009, Москва, ул. Моховая, д. 11, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Grachev Maxim V., PhD (History), Associate Professor, Department of History and Culture of Japan, Institute of Asian and African Studies</p><p>11/1, Mokhovaya, Moscow, 125009</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maxgr73@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Онищук</surname><given-names>С. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Onishchuk</surname><given-names>S. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Онищук Станислав Олегович, аспирант кафедры истории и культуры Японии Института стран Азии и Африки</p><p>125009, Москва, ул. Моховая, д. 11, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Onishchuk Stanislav O., Postgraduate Student, Department of History and Culture of Japan, Institute of Asian and African Studies</p><p>11/1, Mokhovaya, Moscow, 125009</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mjhos16@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>112</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Грачев М.В., Онищук С.О., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Грачев М.В., Онищук С.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grachev M.V., Onishchuk S.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/602">https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/602</self-uri><abstract><p>В масштабном труде «Истинный метод лечения» («Исинхо:», 984 г.) придворный врач Тамба Ясуёри (912—995) качественно реорганизовал китайские медицинские знания и предложил новую классификацию болезней и методов оздоровления, заложив основы японской медицины. В настоящей статье рассматриваются отличительные особенности медицинской практики в эпоху Хэйан (794—1185) и акцентируется внимание на разнообразии диагностируемых болезней, их этиологии и участниках процесса устранения недугов. Исследование основывается преимущественно на дневниковых записях придворных сановников XI—XII вв. ( Мидо: кампакуки» Фудзивара Митинага, «Сё:ю:ки» Фудзивара Санэсукэ и «Гёкуё:» Кудзё: Канэдзанэ), поскольку, в отличие от «Исинхо:», в них содержится подробная информация, разъясняющая характерные черты терапии в эпоху Хэйан и иллюстрирующая неразрывную связь медицины и ритуала: фармакологические предписания, заклинания и магические обряды изгнания злых духов обычно органично сосуществовали в процессе восстановления больного, взаимно дополняя друг друга. Источники эпохи Хэйан свидетельствуют, что японские лекари ставили гипотетические диагнозы многочисленных недомоганий, однако самым распространенным и опасным недугом оставалась «болезнь ветра», отличающаяся обширной этиологией и разнообразной симптоматикой. В лечебном процессе принимали участие три категории специалистов: придворные врачи-иси, оммё:си и гэндзя, каждый из которых, выполняя разнообразные функции, интегрировался в процесс устранения заболеваний, превращая терапию в действенный инструмент. И хотя их сферы деятельности порой пересекались и порождали конкуренцию, даже открытое соперничество, такая напряженность, как правило, существенно не снижала эффективность процедур; напротив, их совместные действия делали лечение заметно более гибким. Толкование причин заболеваний варьировалось от патогенной энергии ци, усиленной неблагоприятными ветрами, что соответствовало китайской медицинской теории, до вмешательства божеств и других сверхъестественных сущностей, способных нанести значительный вред человеку. Главными среди предполагаемых виновников проблем со здоровьем признавались «мстительные духи» мононокэ. Универсальной стратегии лечения не существовало: разные виды злых духов требовали различных «технологий» исцеления, которые применялись в зависимости от обстоятельств.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In his monumental work Ishinhō (984), translated here as “The True Method of Treatment,” court physician Tamba Yasuyori (912—995) reorganized the received corpus of Chinese medical knowledge and proposed a new classification of illnesses and therapies, thereby laying key foundations for Japanese medicine. This article examines the distinctive features of Heian-period (794—1185) medical practice, with particular attention to the diversity of diagnosed diseases, their etiology, and the principal actors involved in treatment. Methodologically, the study draws primarily on 11th — 12th-century court diaries — Midōkanpakuki (Fujiwara no Michinaga), Shōyūki (Fujiwara no Sanesuke), and Gyokuyō (Kujō no Kanezane). Unlike the Ishinhō, these sources document the day-to-day application of therapies in considerable detail and illuminate the inseparable integration of medicine and ritual: pharmacological prescriptions, incantations, and exorcistic rites routinely complemented one another in the management of illness. The diaries attest to an extensive nosology, but the most prevalent and feared condition was “wind disease,” a disorder marked by heterogeneous etiologies and a wide range of symptoms. Treatment typically involved three categories of specialists — court physicians, onmyōji (yin-yang diviners), and genja (Buddhist ritual adepts) — each performing distinct functions within a shared therapeutic enterprise. Although their domains at times overlapped and produced competition, and even open rivalry, such tensions generally did not undermine therapeutic efficacy; rather, their combined interventions made treatment notably adaptable. Explanations of causation ranged from pathogenic qi, intensified by noxious winds in accordance with Chinese medical theory, to the agency of kami and other supernatural beings capable of inflicting serious harm. Chief among the presumed culprits were vengeful spirits (mononoke). No universal cure existed: different categories of malevolent entities called for distinct therapeutic modalities — herbal decoctions, liturgical recitations, or elaborate exorcisms — deployed in combination as circumstances required.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эпоха Хэйан</kwd><kwd>«Исинхо:»</kwd><kwd>Тамба Ясуёри</kwd><kwd>придворный врач</kwd><kwd>ом-мё:си</kwd><kwd>гэндзя</kwd><kwd>этиология болезней</kwd><kwd>методы врачевания</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Heian Japan</kwd><kwd>Ishinhō</kwd><kwd>Tamba Yasuyori</kwd><kwd>court physician</kwd><kwd>onmyōji</kwd><kwd>genja</kwd><kwd>etiology</kwd><kwd>healing methods</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трубникова Н.Н., Бачурин А.С. История религий Японии IX—XII вв. М.: Наталис. 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trubnikova, N.N., Bachurin, A.S. 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