<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">japanjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Японские исследования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Japanese Studies in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-2872</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Association of Japanologists; Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55105/2500-2872-2025-4-90-111</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">japanjournal-601</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Становление юридического образования в Японии в первой половине эпохи Мэйдзи: очерк истории Мэйхо:рё: и Сихо:сё: хо:гакко:</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The development of legal education in Japan in the first half of the Meiji era: An outline of the history of Meihōryō and Shihōshō Hōgakkō</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6818-8116</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пужаев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Puzhaev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пужаев Владимир Владимирович, старший преподаватель кафедры трудового и экологического права юридического факультета</p><p>603105, г. Нижний Новгород, ул. Ашхабадская, 4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Puzhaev Vladimir V., Senior Lecturer at Department of Labor and Environmental Law</p><p>4, Ashkhabadskaya Str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603105</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">puzhaev_vl@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н.И. Лобачевского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>90</fpage><lpage>111</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пужаев В.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пужаев В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Puzhaev V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/601">https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/601</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье исследуется история развития в Японии сферы профессионального юридического образования на начальном этапе мэйдзийской модернизации (1868—1885). После падения режима Токугава Япония, прервавшая автаркическое существование, вступила на путь догоняющего развития, стремясь упрочить свое международное положение и обеспечить себе равный статус в отношениях с ведущими мировыми державами. Желая добиться пересмотра неравноправных Ансэйских договоров, правительство Мэйдзи поставило перед собой две ключевые цели, одна из которых была связана с принятием в Японии новых законов, отвечающих современным требованиям, а другая предполагала реформирование сложившихся при сёгунате системы юрисдикционных органов и принципов отправления правосудия. Для того чтобы обеспечить надлежащим образом процесс правоприменения, потребовались обученные на западный манер профессиональные юридические кадры, которых в тогдашней Японии попросту не было. В первые несколько лет после революции Мэйдзи японское правительство попыталось решить проблему отсутствия в стране юристов путем направления за границу наиболее способных молодых японцев для обучения в европейских университетах. Однако такая практика оказалась малоэффективной в соотношении с общими потребностями Японии в юристах. Тогда правительство Мэйдзи решило учредить в Токио первую специализированную школу права и пригласить из Европы преподавателей для обучения основам западной юриспруденции первых поколений японских студентов. В качестве образца для преподавания было выбрано французское право. Изначально юридическая школа функционировала в рамках Института правовых исследований (Мэйхо:рё:), созданном при Министерстве юстиции Японии. Однако в мае 1875 г. была проведена административная реформа, в ходе которой школа Мэйхо:рё: была закрыта, а ее преемницей стала новая юридическая школа под названием «Правовая школа Министерства юстиции» (Сихо:сё: хо:гакко:). С деятельностью этих учебных заведений неразрывно связан начальный этап становления юридического образования в посттокугавской Японии. В представленной статье автором впервые в российской науке проводится исследование организационных моментов становления школы Мэйхо:рё: и юридической школы Министерства юстиции Японской империи, изучается вопрос о кадровом обеспечении образовательного процесса в обеих школах, приводятся сведения о нанятых японским правительством иностранных преподавателях, рассматривается вопрос о социальном происхождении первых учеников, приводятся количественные данные по контингенту обучающихся и отмечаются основные векторы развития профессиональной карьеры выпускников.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article examines the history of the development of professional legal education in Japan at the initial stage of the Meiji modernization (1868—1885). After the fall of the Tokugawa regime, Japan embarked on the path of Westernization, trying to strengthen its international position and ensure equal status in relations with the leading Western states. Wishing to revise the unequal Ansei Treaties, the Meiji government set two goals: the first goal was to adopt modern laws in Japan that corresponded to Western models; the second goal was to reform the principles of administration of justice and the system of jurisdictional state bodies that had been established during the time of the shogunate. At the same time, the application of the “new” laws required professional legal personnel, which Japan did not have at that time. In the first years after the Meiji Revolution, the Japanese government attempted to solve the problem of the lack of lawyers in the country by sending the most talented young Japanese abroad to receive legal education at European universities. However, this practice was very slow in solving the problem of the country's shortage of lawyers. Then the Meiji government decided to establish the first specialized law school in Tokyo and invite teachers from Europe to teach the basics of Western jurisprudence to the first generations of Japanese students. French law was chosen as a model for teaching. Initially, the law school operated within the framework of the Institute of Legal Studies (Meyhōryō), established at the Ministry of Justice of Japan. However, in May 1875, an administrative reform was carried out, during which the Meyhōryō school was closed, and a new law school called the “Law School of the Ministry of Justice (Shihōshō Hōgakkō) became its “successor.” The initial stage of the development of legal education in Meiji Japan is inextricably linked with the activities of these educational institutions. In this article, the author examines the history of the establishment and development of Meyhōryō and Shihōshō Hōgakkō, examines the issue of staffing the educational process and the social background of the first students, provides data on the number of students, and notes the main vectors of development of the professional careers of graduates.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>юридическое образование</kwd><kwd>вестернизация</kwd><kwd>Буассонад</kwd><kwd>Мэйдзи</kwd><kwd>Мэйхорё</kwd><kwd>правовая школа Министерства юстиции</kwd><kwd>история Японии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>legal education</kwd><kwd>Westernization</kwd><kwd>Boissonade</kwd><kwd>Meiji</kwd><kwd>Meihōryō</kwd><kwd>Law School of the Ministry of Justice</kwd><kwd>history of Japan</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта №20-011-00034 «Правовые воззрения Гюстава Буассонада де Фонтараби и рецепция французского права в Японии».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-011-00034 “Legal views of Gustave Boissonade de Fontarabie and the reception of French law in Japan”.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лим С.Ч. Особенности становления японского студенчества в период Мэйдзи // Диалог со временем. 2014. № 48. С. 194—215.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim, S.Ch. (2014). Osobennosti stanovleniya yaponskogo studenchestva v period Meidzi [The Emergence of the Japanese Students in the Meiji Era]. Dialog so vremenem [Dialogue With Time], 48, 194 215. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мечников Л.И. Эра просвещения Японии // Дело. 1876. № 10. С. 133—170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mechnikov, L.I. (1876). Era prosveshcheniya Yaponii [Japan's Enlightenment Era]. Delo [Affair], 10, 133 170. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мещеряков А.Н. Реформы периода Мэйдзи: человеческое измерение // Ежегодник Япония. 2018. Т. 47. С. 350 —366. URL: https://doi.org/10.24411/0235-8182-2018-10017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meshcheryakov, A.N. (2018). Reformy perioda Meidzi: chelovecheskoe izmerenie [Meiji Era Reforms: The Human Dimension]. Ezhegodnik Yaponiya [Yearbook Japan], 47, 350 366. (In Russian). URL: https://doi.org/10.24411/0235-8182-2018-10017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нравы и законодательство Японии // Всемирный путешественник. 1876. № 5. С. 1 —42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nravy i zakonodatel'stvo Yaponii [Mores and Legislation of Japan]. (1876). Vsemirnyi puteshestvennik [World Traveler], 5, 1 42. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пужаев В.В., Романовская В.Б. Гюстав Буассонад де Фонтараби и идея естественного права в Японии в эпоху Мэйдзи // Японские исследования. 2021. № 4. С. 6—33. URL: https://doi.org/10.24412/2500-2872-2021-4-6-33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puzhaev, V.V., Romanovskaya, V. B. (2021). Gyustav Buassonad de Fontarabi i ideya estestvennogo prava v Yaponii v epokhu Meidzi [Gustave Boissonade de Fontarabie and the idea of natural law in Japan in the Meiji era]. Yaponskiye issledovaniya [Japanese Studies in Russia], 4, 6 33. (In Russian). URL: https://doi.org/10.24412/2500-2872-2021-4-6-33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ackerer, F. (2012). Rôle et pouvoir des éditorialistes dans la presse du milieu de l'ère Meiji (1884—1894). Fukuzawa Yukichi, Kuga Katsunan, Tokutomi Sohō. Th se de doctorat soutenue sous la dir. d'Emmanuel Lozerand. INALCO. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ackerer, F. (2012). Rôle et pouvoir des éditorialistes dans la presse du milieu de l'ère Meiji (1884 1894). Fukuzawa Yukichi, Kuga Katsunan, Tokutomi Sohō. Th se de doctorat soutenue sous la dir. d'Emmanuel Lozerand. INALCO. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Appert, G. (1896). De l’influence des lois fran aises au Japon. Journal du droit international privé et de la jurisprudence comparée, 23, 515—538. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Appert, G. (1896). De l’influence des lois fran aises au Japon. Journal du droit international privé et de la jurisprudence comparée, 23, 515 538. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beillevaire, P. (2008). Georges Bousquet. In: Dictionnaire des orientalistes de langue française (pp. 143—144). Paris: Karthala. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beillevaire, P. (2008). Georges Bousquet. In: Dictionnaire des orientalistes de langue française (pp. 143 144). Paris: Karthala. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boissonade, G. (1874). École de droit de Jédo. Leçon d’ouverture d’un cours de droit naturel. Revue de législation de française et étrangère, 4, 508—525. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boissonade, G. (1874). École de droit de Jédo. Leçon d’ouverture d’un cours de droit naturel. Revue de législation de française et étrangère, 4, 508 525. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bousquet, G. (1877). Le Japon de nos jours et les échelles de l'Extrême-Orient. Paris: Hachette. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bousquet, G. (1877). Le Japon de nos jours et les échelles de l'Extrême-Orient. Paris: Hachette. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brun, L. (2022). La modernisation du Japon à la fin du XIXe siècle vue par ses conseillers français: l'exemple du juriste Georges Bousquet (1846—1937). Mémoire de recherche en Histoire du droit et des institutions. Année 2021—2022. Retrieved July 3, 2025, from URL: https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-04651329v1/document (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brun, L. (2022). La modernisation du Japon à la fin du XIXe siècle vue par ses conseillers français: l'exemple du juriste Georges Bousquet (1846 1937). Mémoire de recherche en Histoire du droit et des institutions. Année 2021 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2025, from URL: https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-04651329v1/document (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dareste, P. (1934). George Appert (1850—1934). Revue historique de droit français et étranger. Quatrième série, 13 (2), 398—404. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dareste, P. (1934). George Appert (1850 1934). Revue historique de droit français et étranger. Quatrième série, 13 (2), 398 404. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dictionnaire historique du Japon. (1970). Fasc. II. Lettre B. Tōkyō: Librairie Kinokuniya. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dictionnaire historique du Japon. (1970). Fasc. II. Lettre B. Tōkyō: Librairie Kinokuniya. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frank, L. (1889). Le Japon judiciaire. Bruxelles: F. Larcier. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frank, L. (1889). Le Japon judiciaire. Bruxelles: F. Larcier. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goraï. (1904). L’influence du Code civil français sur le Japon. In: Le Code civil. Livre du centenaire. T. II (pp. 781—790). Paris: A. Rousseau. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goraï. (1904). L’influence du Code civil français sur le Japon. In: Le Code civil. Livre du centenaire. T. II (pp. 781 790). Paris: A. Rousseau. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayashi, M. (2016). Constructing the Legal Profession in Modern Japan. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. Retrieved July 3, 2025, from https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26667/1/4464_Hayashi.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayashi, M. (2016). Constructing the Legal Profession in Modern Japan. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. Retrieved July 3, 2025, from https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26667/1/4464_Hayashi.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayashi, T. (2022). The Education of Roman Law From 1874 to 1894 in Japan. The Transition of Contemporary Model of Legal Systems in the West and the Intellectual Backgrounds of Professors in Charge of Roman Law. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica, 99, 83—98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.99.06.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayashi, T. (2022). The Education of Roman Law From 1874 to 1894 in Japan. The Transition of Contemporary Model of Legal Systems in the West and the Intellectual Backgrounds of Professors in Charge of Roman Law. Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica, 99, 83 98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.99.06.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ikeda, M. K. (1996). French Legal Advisor in Meiji Japan (1873 1895): Gustave Emile Boissonade de Fontarabie. Diss. Ann Arbor, UMI., Michigan.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ikeda, M. K. (1996). French Legal Advisor in Meiji Japan (1873 1895): Gustave Emile Boissonade de Fontarabie. Diss. Ann Arbor, UMI., Michigan.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iwatani, J. (1999). La publication de la Revue française du Japon (1892 1897): l'infructueuse tentative d'un juriste français, conseiller auprès du gouvernement japonais. In: Japon pluriel 3 (pp. 45—52). Paris: Éd. Philippe Picquier. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iwatani, J. (1999). La publication de la Revue française du Japon (1892 1897): l'infructueuse tentative d'un juriste français, conseiller auprès du gouvernement japonais. In: Japon pluriel 3 (pp. 45 52). Paris: Éd. Philippe Picquier. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaluzot, B. (2021). The Meiji Era: When Japanese Law Became Positivized. In B. Dupret, J.-L. Halpérin (Eds.), State Law and Legal Positivism: The Global Rise of a New Paradigm (pp. 215—249). Leyden: Brill.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaluzot, B. (2021). The Meiji Era: When Japanese Law Became Positivized. In B. Dupret, J.-L. Halpérin (Eds.), State Law and Legal Positivism: The Global Rise of a New Paradigm (pp. 215 249). Leyden: Brill.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manifestations commémoratives en l’honneur du professeur G.E. Boissonade, conseiller légiste accrédité du gouvernement japonais et professeur à l’Université impériale de Tokyo de 1873 à 1895. (1935). Tokyo: Comité d’organisation des manifestations commémoratif en l’honneur du professeur G.E. Boissonade. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manifestations commémoratives en l’honneur du professeur G.E. Boissonade, conseiller légiste accrédité du gouvernement japonais et professeur à l’Université impériale de Tokyo de 1873 à 1895. (1935). Tokyo: Comité d’organisation des manifestations commémoratif en l’honneur du professeur G.E. Boissonade. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakatsu, M. (2018). Les missions militaires françaises au Japon entre 1867 et 1889. Thèse de doctorat présentée et soutenue à Paris le 18 janvier 2018. Université Sorbonne Paris Cité. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakatsu, M. (2018). Les missions militaires françaises au Japon entre 1867 et 1889. Thèse de doctorat présentée et soutenue à Paris le 18 janvier 2018. Université Sorbonne Paris Cité. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ōkoubo, Y. (1976). Le professeur Gustave Boissonade (1825—1910). Sa vie et son oeuvre. Nichifutsu bunka, 32, 79—90. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ōkoubo, Y. (1976). Le professeur Gustave Boissonade (1825 1910). Sa vie et son oeuvre. Nichifutsu bunka, 32, 79 90. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polak, Chr. (2022). Le capitaine Ernest Antonin Vieillard (1844—1915), membre de la Deuxième Mission Militaire de France au Japon de juin 1873 à avril 1876. Dixième partie: Par la traverse jusqu'à Nagoya, Pierre Mourier, premier résident français dans cette ville. France Japon co, 169, 74—79. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polak, Chr. (2022). Le capitaine Ernest Antonin Vieillard (1844 1915), membre de la Deuxième Mission Militaire de France au Japon de juin 1873 à avril 1876. Dixième partie: Par la traverse jusqu'à Nagoya, Pierre Mourier, premier résident français dans cette ville. France Japon co, 169, 74 79. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robert, J. (1969). Le pensée juridique française au Japon. Nichifutsu bunka, 24, 28—42. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robert, J. (1969). Le pensée juridique française au Japon. Nichifutsu bunka, 24, 28 42. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Röhl, W. (2005). Legal Education and Legal Profession. In W. Röhl (Ed.), History of Law in Japan Since 1868 (pp. 770—828). Leiden, Boston: Brill.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Röhl, W. (2005). Legal Education and Legal Profession. In W. Röhl (Ed.), History of Law in Japan Since 1868 (pp. 770 828). Leiden, Boston: Brill.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rokumoto, K. (2002). The historical roots of stasis and change in Japanese legal education. In A. Rossett, L. Cheng, M. Woo (Eds.), East Asian Law Universal Norms and Local Cultures (pp. 155—179). London: Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rokumoto, K. (2002). The historical roots of stasis and change in Japanese legal education. In A. Rossett, L. Cheng, M. Woo (Eds.), East Asian Law Universal Norms and Local Cultures (pp. 155 179). London: Routledge.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rozy, H. (1876). L'enseignement français au Japon. Le Progrès libéral: journal quotidien, 298, 3—4. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozy, H. (1876). L'enseignement français au Japon. Le Progrès libéral: journal quotidien, 298, 3 4. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sugiyama, N. (1936). Les transformations du droit civil japonais et l'influence du droit français. Annales de l'Institut de Droit comparé de l'Université de Paris, II, 195—219. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sugiyama, N. (1936). Les transformations du droit civil japonais et l'influence du droit français. Annales de l'Institut de Droit comparé de l'Université de Paris, II, 195 219. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takayanagi, K. (1930). Occidental Legal Ideas in Japan: Their Reception and Influence. Pacific Affairs, 3 (8), 740—753.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takayanagi, K. (1930). Occidental Legal Ideas in Japan: Their Reception and Influence. Pacific Affairs, 3 (8), 740 753.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tezuka, Yutaka. (1967a). Shihōshō hōgakkō shōshi (1) [History of the Ministry of Justice Law School During Meiji Era (pt. 1)]. Hōgaku kenkyū: hōritsu, seiji, shakai [Journal of Law, Politics, and Sociology], 40 (6), 54—84. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tezuka, Yutaka. (1967a). Shihōshō hōgakkō shōshi (1) [History of the Ministry of Justice Law School During Meiji Era (pt. 1)]. Hōgaku kenkyū: hōritsu, seiji, shakai [Journal of Law, Politics, and Sociology], 40 (6), 54 84. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tezuka, Yutaka. (1967b). Shihōshō hōgakkō shōshi (2) [History of the Ministry of Justice Law School During Meiji Era (pt. 2)]. Hōgaku kenkyū: hōritsu, seiji, shakai [Journal of Law, Politics, and Sociology], 40 (7), 57—100. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tezuka, Yutaka. (1967b). Shihōshō hōgakkō shōshi (2) [History of the Ministry of Justice Law School During Meiji Era (pt. 2)]. Hōgaku kenkyū: hōritsu, seiji, shakai [Journal of Law, Politics, and Sociology], 40 (7), 57 100. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Villetard, E. (1879). Le Japon. Paris: Hachette. (In French).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Villetard, E. (1879). Le Japon. Paris: Hachette. (In French).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wada, K. (2004). From O-yatoi Gaikokujin in the Meiji Era to the American Law Programme of Summer 2004. ICCLP Annual Report, 55—69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wada, K. (2004). From O-yatoi Gaikokujin in the Meiji Era to the American Law Programme of Summer 2004. ICCLP Annual Report, 55 69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Who’s Who Hakushi in Great Japan. (1921). Vol. I—VI. 1888 1920. Ed. by K.R. Iseki. Tokyo.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Who’s Who Hakushi in Great Japan. (1921). Vol. I VI. 1888 1920. Ed. by K.R. Iseki. Tokyo.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
