<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">japanjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Японские исследования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Japanese Studies in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-2872</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Association of Japanologists; Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55105/2500-2872-2025-3-66-84</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">japanjournal-585</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Исследовательские статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль японских политических акторов в создании фундамента новой системы образования в Японии в период оккупации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The role of Japanese political actors in the establishment of the basis of a new education system in Japan during the occupation period</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9063-9788</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романенко</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanenko</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Романенко Даниил Алексеевич, младший научный сотрудник</p><p>107031, Москва, ул. Рождественка, д. 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Romanenko Daniil A., Junior Researcher</p><p>12, Rozhdestvenka Str., Moscow, 107031</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dromanenko2000@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр японских исследований Института востоковедения РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center for Japanese Studies, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>66</fpage><lpage>84</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Романенко Д.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Романенко Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Romanenko D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/585">https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/585</self-uri><abstract><p>Реформы периода оккупации Японии значительно изменили систему образования в стране. При этом основные принципы и идейный фундамент новой образовательной политики были заложены в 1946—1947 гг., когда были разработаны и обнародованы Основной закон об образовании, Закон о школьном образовании и поправки в Конституцию Японии. В то же время актуальными являются споры о том, были ли эти реформы в основном навязаны американским Штабом оккупационных войск (ШОВ), или же японские политики, ученые и педагоги имели достаточно возможностей для продвижения своих инициатив. Настоящая статья посвящена оценке роли японских политических акторов, участвовавших в реформах образования в 1946—1947 гг.В ходе работы было установлено, что ШОВ, обладавший огромными возможностями и полномочиями влиять на ход реформ, в сфере образования применял имевшуюся власть на практике по большей части только по наиболее важным для оккупационной администрации вопросам. ШОВ влиял на выборы, позволив леволиберальным политическим деятелям прийти к власти; строго следил за предотвращением распространения националистических и милитаристских идей через систему образования. Однако по другим вопросам японские политические акторы были более свободны в действиях. Создание Основного закона об образовании и Закона о школьном образовании, которые стали фундаментом новой системы образования, было результатом дебатов и компромиссов между различными японскими политиками и педагогами. Анализ, представленный в этой статье, приводит к выводу, что японские деятели сыграли огромную роль в формировании новой системы образования. Хотя большинство результатов реформ можно назвать победой либеральных акторов, консерваторам также удалось добиться частичных побед, таких как принятие Резолюции о воспитании религиозных чувств. Более того, законы, заложившие основные принципы политики образования, не были избыточно подробными. Эта особенность, оформившаяся также по инициативе японских политических игроков, позволила более гибко выстраивать образовательную политику в будущем.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The reforms of the occupation period in Japan significantly changed the education system in the country. Meanwhile, the main principles and ideological foundation of the new educational policy were laid in 1946—1947, when the Basic Act on Education, the School Education Law, and amendments to the Constitution of Japan were created and promulgated. At the same time, there are still debates about whether these reforms were mainly imposed by the SCAP (Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers), or whether Japanese politicians, academics, and educators had sufficient opportunities to promote their initiatives. This article is devoted to assessing the role of Japanese political actors involved in the education reforms of 1946—1947.In the work, it was found that SCAP, having enormous opportunities and powers to influence the course of reforms, in practice used its power in education policy for the most part only on issues of key importance to the occupation administration. SCAP influenced elections, allowing left-liberal politicians to come to power; it strictly supervised the prevention of the spread of nationalistic and militaristic ideas through the education system. However, on other issues, Japanese political actors were freer to act. The creation of the Basic Act on Education and the School Education Law, which became the basis of the new education system, resulted from debates and compromises between various Japanese politicians and educators. The analysis presented in this article leads to the conclusion that Japanese actors played a huge role in shaping the education system. Although most of the results of the changes can be considered victories of liberal actors, conservatives also managed to achieve partial victories, such as the adoption of the Resolution on Religious Sentiment Education. Moreover, the laws that laid down the basic principles of educational policy were not excessively detailed. This feature, also established at the initiative of Japanese actors, made it possible to develop educational policy more flexibly in the future.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>образование</kwd><kwd>система образования</kwd><kwd>Япония</kwd><kwd>оккупация</kwd><kwd>реформы</kwd><kwd>политика</kwd><kwd>Основной закон об образовании</kwd><kwd>Закон о школьном образовании</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>education</kwd><kwd>education system</kwd><kwd>Japan</kwd><kwd>occupation</kwd><kwd>reforms</kwd><kwd>politics</kwd><kwd>Basic Act on Education</kwd><kwd>School Education Law</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панов А.Н. Революция Сёва. Модернизация Японии в послевоенный период (1945—1952 гг.). М.: Восток—Запад, 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panov, A.N. (2010). Revolyutsiya Seva. Modernizatsiya Yaponii v poslevoennyi period (1945—1952 gg.) [The Shôwa Revolution. Modernization of Japan in the Post-War Period (1945—1952)]. Moscow: Vostok-Zapad. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Прасол А.Ф. Генезис и развитие японского образования: VIII — начало XX вв. Дис. д.и.н. Владивосток. 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prasol, A.F. (2004). Genezis i razvitie yaponskogo obrazovaniya: VIII — nachalo XX vv. [Genesis and Development of Japanese Education: 8 th — Early 20 th Cent.]. Dissertation for the Doctor of History degree. Vladivostok. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Романенко Д.А. История создания Основного закона об образовании 1947 года и его значение в реформах просвещения // Сборник материалов XIII Конференции молодых японоведов «Новый взгляд». М.: Адвансед солюшнз, 2024. С. 279—290.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanenko, D.A. (2024). Istoriya sozdaniya Osnovnogo zakona ob obrazovanii 1947 goda i ego znachenie v reformakh prosveshcheniya [The History of Establishment of The Basic Act on Education, 1947 and Its Significance in Postwar Educational Reforms in Japan]. In Sbornik materialov XIII Konferencii molodykh yaponovedov “Novyi vzglyad” [Collection of Materials from the 13 th Conference of Young Japanologists “New View”] (pp. 279—290). Moscow: Advanced Solutions. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ibuka, Yûji. (2015). Kyôiku kihon hô to rikkenshugi — shinkyû kyôiku kihon hô no rekishiteki honshitsu [Basic Act on Education and Constitutionalism: The Historical Essence of the Old and New Basic Acts on Education]. Nara kyôiku daigaku kiyô, jinbun shakai kagaku, 64 (1), 1—12. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibuka, Yûji. (2015). Kyôiku kihon hô to rikkenshugi — shinkyû kyôiku kihon hô no rekishiteki honshitsu [Basic Act on Education and Constitutionalism: The Historical Essence of the Old and New Basic Acts on Education]. Nara kyôiku daigaku kiyô, jinbun shakai kagaku, 64 (1), 1—12. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanai, Tôru. (2018). Sengo ni okeru Mutai Risaku no kyôiku rinen no tenkai — minzoku kyôdôtai to iu kokka kan ni chakumokushite [Education Principle of Risaku Mutai After World War II Focusing on the Concept of National/Ethnic Community]. Tôhoku kyôiku gakkai, 21, 1—14. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanai, Tôru. (2018). Sengo ni okeru Mutai Risaku no kyôiku rinen no tenkai — minzoku kyôdôtai to iu kokka kan ni chakumokushite [Education Principle of Risaku Mutai After World War II Focusing on the Concept of National/Ethnic Community]. Tôhoku kyôiku gakkai, 21, 1—14. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kikuchi, Makiko. (2018). Amano Teiyû no dôtoku kyôiku-ron no tenkai to kadai [Development and Problems of Teiyû Amano's Moral Education Theory]. Hakuô daigaku kyôiku gakubu ronshû, 11 (4), 41—60. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kikuchi, Makiko. (2018). Amano Teiyû no dôtoku kyôiku-ron no tenkai to kadai [Development and Problems of Teiyû Amano's Moral Education Theory]. Hakuô daigaku kyôiku gakubu ronshû, 11 (4), 41—60. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kono, Hiroaki. (1982). Kyôiku rinen no keisei to kyôiku sasshin iinkai daisankai sôkai [Education Reform Committee Third General Meeting and Formation of Educational Philosophy]. Hokkaidô kyôiku daigaku kiyô. Daiichibu. C, kyôiku kagakuhen, 32 (2), 47—61. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kono, Hiroaki. (1982). Kyôiku rinen no keisei to kyôiku sasshin iinkai daisankai sôkai [Education Reform Committee Third General Meeting and Formation of Educational Philosophy]. Hokkaidô kyôiku daigaku kiyô. Daiichibu. C, kyôiku kagakuhen, 32 (2), 47—61. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kono, Hiroaki. (1986). Kyôiku sasshin iinkai no hossoku to kyôiku kihon-hô no ritsuan kaishi: Shôwa 21-nen hachigatsumatsu ~ kugatsu no kyôiku rippô katei gaikyô [Establishment of the Educational Reform Committee and the Beginning of Drafting the Basic Act on Education: Overview of the Educational Legislative Process from the end of August to September 1945]. Hokkaidô kyôiku daigaku kiyô. Daiichibu. C, kyôiku kagaku-hen, 36 (2), 1—16. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kono, Hiroaki. (1986). Kyôiku sasshin iinkai no hossoku to kyôiku kihon-hô no ritsuan kaishi: Shôwa 21-nen hachigatsumatsu ~ kugatsu no kyôiku rippô katei gaikyô [Establishment of the Educational Reform Committee and the Beginning of Drafting the Basic Act on Education: Overview of the Educational Legislative Process from the end of August to September 1945]. Hokkaidô kyôiku daigaku kiyô. Daiichibu. C, kyôiku kagaku-hen, 36 (2), 1—16. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kono, Hiroaki. (1993). Kyôiku kihon hô seiritsu no shigen [The Origin of the Establishment of the Basic Act on Education]. Hokkaidô kyôiku daigaku kiyô. Daiichibu. C, kyôiku kagaku-hen, 43 (2), 41—56. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kono, Hiroaki. (1993). Kyôiku kihon hô seiritsu no shigen [The Origin of the Establishment of the Basic Act on Education]. Hokkaidô kyôiku daigaku kiyô. Daiichibu. C, kyôiku kagaku-hen, 43 (2), 41—56. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kono, Hiroaki. (1998). Kyôiku kihon hô seiritsushi saikô [Reconsidering the History of the Establishment of the Basic Act on Education]. Kyôikugaku kenkyû, 65 (3), 214— 222. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kono, Hiroaki. (1998). Kyôiku kihon hô seiritsushi saikô [Reconsidering the History of the Establishment of the Basic Act on Education]. Kyôikugaku kenkyû, 65 (3), 214— 222. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koseki, Shôichi. (2018). The Birth of Japan's Postwar Constitution. Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koseki, Shôichi. (2018). The Birth of Japan's Postwar Constitution. Routledge.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurachi, Norihiro. (2005). Kyôiku sasshin iinkai dai 7 tokubetsu iinkai no kiso-teki kenkyû: Sono seiritsu katei no sobyô [Study of the 7 th Subcommittee of the Japanese Education Reform Committee: Description of Its Process of Organizing]. Kyôto daigaku shôgai kyôikugaku toshokan jôhôgaku kenkyû, 4, 151—159. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurachi, Norihiro. (2005). Kyôiku sasshin iinkai dai 7 tokubetsu iinkai no kiso-teki kenkyû: Sono seiritsu katei no sobyô [Study of the 7 th Subcommittee of the Japanese Education Reform Committee: Description of Its Process of Organizing]. Kyôto daigaku shôgai kyôikugaku toshokan jôhôgaku kenkyû, 4, 151—159. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murai, Hiroshi. (2018). Nanbara Shigeru no kyôiku shisô: Kiki to kyôiku [Exami- ning Shigeru Nanbara's Thoughts on Education: Education in Crisis]. Sôgô seisaku ronsô, 36, 87—99. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murai, Hiroshi. (2018). Nanbara Shigeru no kyôiku shisô: Kiki to kyôiku [Exami- ning Shigeru Nanbara's Thoughts on Education: Education in Crisis]. Sôgô seisaku ronsô, 36, 87—99. (In Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishi, Toshio. (2013). Unconditional Democracy: Education and Politics in Occupied Japan, 1945—1952. Hoover Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishi, Toshio. (2013). Unconditional Democracy: Education and Politics in Occupied Japan, 1945—1952. Hoover Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nozaki, Y. (2002). War Memory, Nationalism and Education in Postwar Japan: The Japanese History Textbook Controversy and Ienaga Saburo's Court Challenges. Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nozaki, Y. (2002). War Memory, Nationalism and Education in Postwar Japan: The Japanese History Textbook Controversy and Ienaga Saburo's Court Challenges. Routledge.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reed, S.R. (1988). The People Spoke: The Influence of Elections on Japanese Politics, 1949—1955. Journal of Japanese Studies, 14 (2), 309—339.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reed, S.R. (1988). The People Spoke: The Influence of Elections on Japanese Politics, 1949—1955. Journal of Japanese Studies, 14 (2), 309—339.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsuchimochi, G.H. (1990). Education Reform under the American Occupation (1): Report of the United States Education Mission to Japan and the Reform of the School System. Toyo Eiwa Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 1, 65—80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsuchimochi, G.H. (1990). Education Reform under the American Occupation (1): Report of the United States Education Mission to Japan and the Reform of the School System. Toyo Eiwa Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 1, 65—80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsuchimochi, G.H. (2000). The Introduction of “General Education” in Postwar Japanese Universities. Nanzan Review of American Studies: A Journal of Center for American Studies, 22, 81—98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsuchimochi, G.H. (2000). The Introduction of “General Education” in Postwar Japanese Universities. Nanzan Review of American Studies: A Journal of Center for American Studies, 22, 81—98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wray, H. (1996). Education Policy Formation for the Allied Occupation of Japan. Nanzan Review of American Studies: A Journal of Center for American Studies, 1—25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wray, H. (1996). Education Policy Formation for the Allied Occupation of Japan. Nanzan Review of American Studies: A Journal of Center for American Studies, 1—25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wray, H. (2001). The First United States Education Mission to Japan, Part II: The Tokyo Phase. Nanzan Review of American Studies: A Journal of Center for American Studies, 23, 7—63</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wray, H. (2001). The First United States Education Mission to Japan, Part II: The Tokyo Phase. Nanzan Review of American Studies: A Journal of Center for American Studies, 23, 7—63</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
