<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">japanjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Японские исследования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Japanese Studies in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-2872</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Association of Japanologists; Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55105/2500-2872-2025-1-47-61</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">japanjournal-528</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Дракон «Когай» в XXI веке: состояние окружающей среды в Японии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Kogai in the 21st century: Environmental issues in Japan</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5845-2833</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Банчева</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bancheva</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Банчева Александра Ивановна, кандидат географических наук, старший научный сотрудник кафедры физической географии мира и геоэкологии географического факультета  </p><p>119991, Москва, Ленинские горы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bancheva Alexandra I., PhD (Geography), senior research fellow,  Faculty of Geography, Department of World Physical Geography and Geoecology </p><p>Leninskiye Gori, 1, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ban-sai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Банчева А.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Банчева А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bancheva A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/528">https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/528</self-uri><abstract><p>В конце прошлого века Японии удалось выйти из серьезного экологического кризиса и значительно улучшить качество окружающей среды и качество жизни населения, решив многие экологические проблемы. В основном этот кризис, обозначавшийся японским термином когай, касался химического и физического загрязнения природных сред. В настоящее время при обсуждении экологической повестки все чаще приоритет отдается таким глобальным темам, как изменение климата (и создание низкоуглеродного общества), сокращение биоразнообразия (и проблемы трансформации наземного покрова), а также управление отходами (создание общества с устойчивым материальным циклом). При этом некоторые из «классических» экологических проблем, «традиционных» для охраны окружающей среды в XX в. – а в контексте Японии это проблемы когай, – до сих пор остались в некоторой степени актуальны или приобрели новые аспекты и направления. Цель данного исследования – оценка современного состояния окружающей среды в Японии, основанная, прежде всего, на количественных показателях: данных японской национальной статистики и экологического мониторинга. Рассматриваются загрязнение воздуха, вод и почв в Японии, а также вибрационное и шумовое загрязнение, оседание грунта и неприятные запахи. Сделан вывод о том, что, несмотря на значительный прогресс, актуальными для Японии сегодня остаются такие проблемы, как загрязнение воздуха мелкодисперсными частицами и фотооксидантами, загрязнение поверхностных вод диоксинами и органическими загрязняющими веществами, загрязнение почв кадмием. Не решена проблема шумового загрязнения и проблема неприятных запахов в городах. Также рассмотрены положительные аспекты в решении перечисленных проблем и инструменты экологической политики (налаженная система мониторинга, открытый доступ к данным, участие в международной экологической политике, активная позиция местного правительства и ответственность бизнеса), позволяющие Японии двигаться по заданному курсу к целям устойчивого развития. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>At the end of 20th century, Japan successfully overcame an environmental crisis and improved the citizens’ quality of life. The crisis, referred to as kogai in Japanese, primarily comprised physical and chemical pollution issues. Nowadays, priorities on both global and national environmental agenda usually include the climate change issue (such as creating a low-carbon economy), biodiversity concerns (and problems of land cover changes), and waste and resources management (such as implementing a circular economy, or Sound Material-Cycle Society in Japan). However, some pollution-related challenges have not yet been fully resolved. The aim of this research is to assess the quality of environment in Japan based on national statistics and monitoring data. The problems considered are as follows: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, vibration, urban noise, land subsidence, and offensive odors. It has been found out that, despite Japan having made significant progress in solving these problems, there still remain such issues as pollution of air with fine particles and photo-oxidants, pollution of lakes and ponds with organic pollutants and of all types of surface waters with dioxins, cadmium soil pollution. The problems of noise and offensive odors in cities have not been solved. The article also features the achievements on the way towards solving the stated problems and instruments of environmental policy (an established monitoring system, open data access, active participation in international environmental policies, active engagement of local government, and responsibility of businesses). These instruments, when used in conjunction with others, allow Japan to successfully move towards the goals of sustainable development. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экологические проблемы</kwd><kwd>Азия</kwd><kwd>Япония</kwd><kwd>экологическая политика</kwd><kwd>загрязнение</kwd><kwd>окружающая среда</kwd><kwd>геоэкология</kwd><kwd>природопользование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>environmental issues</kwd><kwd>Asia</kwd><kwd>Japan</kwd><kwd>environmental policy</kwd><kwd>pollution</kwd><kwd>geoecology</kwd><kwd>monitoring</kwd><kwd>regulatory policy</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках темы государственного задания географического факультета МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова № 121040100322-8.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research is accomplished under the state task theme of the MSU Faculty of Geography (No. 121040100322-8).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеева Н.Н., Лопатников Д.Л., Банчева А.И. Изменение экологических характеристик стран – экономических гигантов Азии в контексте геоэкологического перехода // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 5: География. 2024. №2. С. 31–42. DOI: 10.55959/MSU0579-9414.5.79.2.3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseeva, N., Lopatnikov, D., Bancheva, A. (2024). Izmenenie ekologicheskikh kharakteristik stran – ekonomicheskikh gigantov Azii v kontekste geoekologicheskogo perekhoda [Changes of Environmental Characteristics of the Asian “Economic Giants” in the Context of the Geoecological Transition]. Lomonosov Geography Journal, 2, 31–42. DOI: 10.55959/MSU0579-9414.5.79.2.3 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Банчева А.И. Геоэкологическое состояние ландшафтов острова Хоккайдо (Япония): дис. … канд. геогр. наук. Москва. 2018. 130 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bancheva, A. I. (2018). Geoekologicheskoe sostoyanie landshaftov ostrova Khokkaido (Yaponiya) [Geoecological Assessment of the Hokkaido Island Landscapes (Japan)]. PhD Thesis in Geography. Moscow. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов О.В., Мельник Л.Г., Шепеленко А.Н. В борьбе с драконом «Когай»: Опыт природопользования в Японии. Москва: Мысль. 1991.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Botta, E., &amp; Yamasaki, S. (2020). Policies, regulatory framework and enforcement for air quality management: The case of Japan. OECD environment working papers. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/b2de0bc1-en</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тихоцкая И.С. Японская инновационная концепция рециклирования ресурсов и создание общества с устойчивым материальным циклом // Региональные исследования. 2015. № 2. С. 61–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen, C. H., &amp; Peng, L. Y. (2014). The Laws and Measurements Analysis About Urban Rail Transit Noise and Vibration Reduction. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 548, 1839–1843. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.548-549.1839</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тихоцкая И.С. Экологические проблемы Японии: между прошлым и будущим // Японские исследования. 2016. №1. С. 59–71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esteban, M., Takagi, H., Jamero, L., Chadwick, C., Avelino, J. E., Mikami, T., ... &amp; Shibayama, T. (2020). Adaptation to Sea Level Rise: Learning From Present Examples of Land Subsidence. Ocean &amp; Coastal Management, 189, 104852. DOI: 10.1080/03088839.2019.1634845</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Botta, E., &amp; Yamasaki, S. (2020). Policies, regulatory framework and enforcement for air quality management: The case of Japan. OECD environment working papers. https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/b2de0bc1-en</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Furuno, K., Kagawa, A., Kazaoka, O., Kusuda, T., &amp; Nirei, H. (2015). Groundwater Management Based on Monitoring of Land Subsidence and Groundwater Levels in the Kanto Groundwater Basin, Central Japan. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 372(372), 53–57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen, C. H., &amp; Peng, L. Y. (2014). The Laws and Measurements Analysis About Urban Rail Transit Noise and Vibration Reduction. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 548, 1839–1843. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.548-549.1839</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hao, Y., Qi, H., Liu, S., Nian, V., &amp; Zhang, Z. (2022). Study of Noise and Vibration Impacts to Buildings Due to Urban Rail Transit and Mitigation Measures. Sustainability, 14 (5), 3119. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esteban, M., Takagi, H., Jamero, L., Chadwick, C., Avelino, J. E., Mikami, T., ... &amp; Shibayama, T. (2020). Adaptation to Sea Level Rise: Learning From Present Examples of Land Subsidence. Ocean &amp; Coastal Management, 189, 104852. DOI: 10.1080/03088839.2019.1634845</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang, H., Akustu, Y., Arai, M., &amp; Tamura, M. (2001). Analysis of Photochemical Pollution in Summer and Winter Using a Photochemical Box Model in the Center of Tokyo, Japan. Chemosphere, 44 (2), 223–230.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Furuno, K., Kagawa, A., Kazaoka, O., Kusuda, T., &amp; Nirei, H. (2015). Groundwater Management Based on Monitoring of Land Subsidence and Groundwater Levels in the Kanto Groundwater Basin, Central Japan. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 372(372), 53–57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Imakiire, T., &amp; Koarai, M. (2012). Wide-Area Land Subsidence Caused by “the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake”. Soils and Foundations, 52 (5), 842–855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.11.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hao, Y., Qi, H., Liu, S., Nian, V., &amp; Zhang, Z. (2022). Study of Noise and Vibration Impacts to Buildings Due to Urban Rail Transit and Mitigation Measures. Sustainability, 14 (5), 3119. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14053119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov, O., Melnik, L., Shepelenko, A. (1991). V bor’be s drakonom «Kogai»: Opyt prirodopol’zovaniya v Yaponii [Fighting the “Kogai” Dragon: The Japanese Experience in Nature Management]. Moscow: Mysl’. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang, H., Akustu, Y., Arai, M., &amp; Tamura, M. (2001). Analysis of Photochemical Pollution in Summer and Winter Using a Photochemical Box Model in the Center of Tokyo, Japan. Chemosphere, 44 (2), 223–230.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaneko, S., &amp; Toyota, T. (2011). Long-Term Urbanization and Land Subsidence in Asian Megacities: An Indicators System Approach. In M. Taniguchi (ed.), Groundwater and Subsurface Environments: Human Impacts in Asian Coastal Cities (pp. 249–270). Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-53904-9_13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Imakiire, T., &amp; Koarai, M. (2012). Wide-Area Land Subsidence Caused by “the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake”. Soils and Foundations, 52 (5), 842–855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.11.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Na, T., Kawamura, Y., Kang, S. S., &amp; Utsuki, S. (2021). Hazard Mapping of Ground Subsidence in East Area of Sapporo Using Frequency Ratio Model and GIS. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 12 (1), 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2021.1873198</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaneko, S., &amp; Toyota, T. (2011). Long-Term Urbanization and Land Subsidence in Asian Megacities: An Indicators System Approach. In M. Taniguchi (ed.), Groundwater and Subsurface Environments: Human Impacts in Asian Coastal Cities (pp. 249–270). Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-53904-9_13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishitateno, S., &amp; Burke, P. J. (2021). Willingness to Pay for Clean Air: Evidence From Diesel Vehicle Registration Restrictions in Japan. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 88, 103657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103657</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Na, T., Kawamura, Y., Kang, S. S., &amp; Utsuki, S. (2021). Hazard Mapping of Ground Subsidence in East Area of Sapporo Using Frequency Ratio Model and GIS. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 12 (1), 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2021.1873198</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sato, C., Haga, M., &amp; Nishino, J. (2006). Land Subsidence and Groundwater Management in Tokyo. International Review for Environmental Strategies, 6 (2), 403–424.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishitateno, S., &amp; Burke, P. J. (2021). Willingness to Pay for Clean Air: Evidence From Diesel Vehicle Registration Restrictions in Japan. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 88, 103657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103657</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith, M. D. (2023). The ‘Hell of Modern Sound’: A History of Urban Noise in Modern Japan. In I. Haukamp, C. Hoene, &amp; M. D. Smith (Eds.), Asian Sound Cultures. Voice, Noice, Sound, Technology (pp. 101–123). Taylor &amp; Francis. DOI: 10.4324/9781003143772-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sato, C., Haga, M., &amp; Nishino, J. (2006). Land Subsidence and Groundwater Management in Tokyo. International Review for Environmental Strategies, 6 (2), 403–424.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tikhotskaya, I. (2015). Yaponskaya innovatsionnaya kontseptsiya retsiklirovaniya resursov i sozdanie obshchestva s ustoichivym material'nym tsiklom [Japanese Innovative Concept of Resources Recycling and Formation of the Sound Material Cycle Society]. Regional’nye issledovaniya [Regional Studies], 2, 61–66. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith, M. D. (2023). The ‘Hell of Modern Sound’: A History of Urban Noise in Modern Japan. In I. Haukamp, C. Hoene, &amp; M. D. Smith (Eds.), Asian Sound Cultures. Voice, Noice, Sound, Technology (pp. 101–123). Taylor &amp; Francis. DOI: 10.4324/9781003143772-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tikhotskaya, I. (2016). Ekologicheskie problemy Yaponii: mezhdu proshlym i budushchim [Ecological problems in Japan: between past and future]. Yaponskiye issledovaniya [Japanese Studies in Russia], 1, 59–71. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tōkyōto chō. Kankyō kyoku [Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Bureau of Environment]. Tōkyō no chika suishitsu chōsa kekka [Tokyo Underground Waters Survey Results]. Retrieved July 16, 2024, from https://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/water/groundwater/investigation (In Japanese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tōkyōto chō. Kankyō kyoku [Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Bureau of Environment]. Tōkyō no chika suishitsu chōsa kekka [Tokyo Underground Waters Survey Results]. Retrieved July 16, 2024, from https://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/water/groundwater/investigation (In Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
