japanjournalЯпонские исследованияJapanese Studies in Russia2500-2872Association of Japanologists; Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences10.55105/2500-2872-2024-4-119-131japanjournal-508Research ArticleСтатьиВлияние христианства на культуру слепых в ЯпонииChristian influence on the culture of the blind in Japanhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2375-5022БертоваА. Д.BertovaA. D.

Бертова Анна Дмитриевна, кандидат философских наук, старший преподаватель кафедры теории общественного развития стран Азии и Африки

199034, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская набережная, 7-9

Bertova Anna D., Candidate of Sciences (Philosophy), senior lecturer, Department of Theory of Social Development of Asian and African Countries

7-9 Universitetskaya Embankment, St. Petersburg, 199034

aihong@mail.ruСанкт-Петербургский государственный университетРоссияSaint Petersburg State UniversityRussian Federation20242001202504119131Copyright © Бертова А.Д., 20252025Бертова А.Д.Bertova A.D.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/508

Слепые в Японии с довольно раннего времени смогли создать свою специфическую культуру. Уже в XIV веке они образовали собственную гильдию (Тōдōдза), монополизировав целый ряд традиционных оздоровительных и развлекательных практик – массаж, акупунктуру, прижигания, игру на традиционных музыкальных инструментах. Это дало членам гильдии возможность довольно стабильного заработка. Однако в результате ликвидации сёгуната Токугава и начала преобразований Мэйдзи гильдия оказалась распущена, а слепые попали в тяжелое положение, так как больше не получали от нее поддержки и в условиях ликвидации монополии на свои традиционные занятия были вынуждены конкурировать со зрячими. В ранний период преобразований правительства Мэйдзи заботу о слепых и их образовании взяли на себя частные благотворители и христианские организации. Именно через посредство последних были организованы первые специализированные школы, например, Токийская школа для слепых и немых. Многие незрячие, желавшие получать образование, со временем принимали христианство, после чего сами активно включались в благотворительную и образовательную работу. Целый ряд ключевых достижений в жизни данной категории людей в современной Японии оказался реализован именно благодаря деятельности слепых христиан. Именно они способствовали, в частности, изданию первой газеты и одного из первых журналов для слепых, были в числе первых среди инвалидов по зрению, кто получил высшее образование, создали первую библиотеку и первый благотворительный фонд для слепых. Христианство не только способствовало повышению уровня жизни и образования незрячих в Японии, но и дало им возможность открыть для себя новые возможности как в области выбора жизненного пути, так и в сфере духовного развития. Для своих последователей христианство стало средством устранения представления о кармическом генезисе слепоты, распространенного в традиционной Японии, а также давало им уверенность в том, что им предопределена особая миссия в японском обществе, возложенная на них Богом. 

The blind in Japan have created their specific culture. As early as in the 14th century, they organized their own guild (Tōdōza) and succeeded in monopolizing a number of traditional entertainment and medical practices, having acquired a rather stable financial position. However, after the end of the Tokugawa shogunate and during the first reforms of the Meiji period, the guild was abolished together with its monopoly, and the blind found themselves in difficult circumstances, having to compete with the sighted, without practical support from the new government. In the early Meiji period, these were mostly Christian missions and private philanthropists who undertook measures to promote education of the blind and fought for their rights and welfare. Christian organizations founded first schools for the blind, such as the Tokyo School for the Blind and Dumb, which made many blind people wishing to acquire education interested in Christianity. The blind often became Christian converts and plunged into educational and philanthropical activities themselves. Major achievements in modernizing the life of the blind in Japan were made due to the work of blind Christians. Blind Christians launched the first Japanese newspaper and one of the first magazines for the blind, were the first among persons with visual impairments in Japan to get higher education, founded the first braille library and one of the first charity funds for the blind. Christianity not only contributed to the rise in living and educational standards of the blind, but also gave them possibilities to discover new ways of self-realization in acquiring new professions as well as in the sphere of spiritual development. For its followers, Christianity eradicated the concept of karma-bound blindness spread in traditional Japan and empowered them with the idea of their special mission in society entrusted to them by God. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.