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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">japanjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Японские исследования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Japanese Studies in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-2872</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Association of Japanologists; Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55105/2500-2872-2023-4-53-64</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">japanjournal-414</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Переводчики с айнского языка на землях Эдзо в XVII–XVIII вв. (по японским источникам)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The interpreters of Ainu language in the lands of Ezo in the 17th – 18th centuries (based on Japanese archive materials)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6500-4593</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Климова</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Klimova</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Климова Ольга Вадимовна, PhD, доцент, заведующая кафедрой японоведения, Институт востоковедения и африканистики </p><p>190068, Санкт-Петербург, канал Грибоедова, д. 123</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Klimova Olga V., PhD, associate professor, head of the Japanology department, Institute of Asian and African studies</p><p>123, Griboedova canal, St-Petersburg, 190068</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">o_klimova@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>HSE University (St-Petersburg)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>53</fpage><lpage>64</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Климова О.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Климова О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Klimova O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/414">https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/414</self-uri><abstract><p>На основе анализа японских источников в статье рассматривается вопрос о том, как в Японии появились переводчики с айнского языка, какие функции они выполняли и как менялся их статус в период с XVII по XVIII вв. В это время Япония придерживалась политики самоизоляции, и все немногочисленные контакты с внешним миром жестко контролировались правительством. Там, где соприкосновение с чужеземной культурой все же происходило, требовались переводчики. Так, существовали переводчики китайского, корейского и голландского языков. На острове Хоккайдо, где велась торговля с айнами, также требовались переводчики с айнского языка. При написании статьи были использованы японские архивные материалы, на основе которых описывается история появления переводчиков с айнского языка и изучаются первые упоминания о них в начале XVII в. Также исследуется вопрос о том, какие функции они выполняли и какую нишу в обществе занимали. Выделяется отдельная категория переводчиков с айнского языка в княжестве Мацумаэ, которая привлекалась исключительно на время важных официальных мероприятий клана Мацумаэ. Детально рассматриваются их функции, положение в обществе, а также первые упоминания преуспевших в своей профессии знатоков айнского языка. Особое внимание уделяется тому, как изменился статус и функции переводчиков с айнского языка на Эдзо в начале XVIII в. в рамках «системы подряда торговых мест-басё». Отдельно рассматривается уровень владения айнским языком переводчиками Эдзо, рассказывается о попытках составления первых словарей айнского языка и трудностях, которые были с этим связаны. Автор делает вывод, что функции переводчиков с айнского языка претерпели огромные изменения. Если в XVII в. к их услугам обращались лишь во время торговли, церемонии приветствия или сопровождения судна, то к концу XVIII в. они стояли на передовой линии управления японцев айнами. Их права и обязанности были настолько обширны, что фактически они, являясь представителями власти на местах, управляли айнским народом.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article, based on Japanese sources, discusses the question of how the Ainu language interpreters’ guild was formed, what functions translators performed, and how their status changed in the period from the 17th to the 18th centuries. During this time, Japan pursued the policy of self-isolation, and all contacts with the outside world were closely controlled by the government. However, in the places where contact with foreign culture did occur, interpreters were needed. So, there were interpreters of Chinese, Korean, and Dutch languages. In the island of Hokkaido, where trade with the local Ainu took place, the interpreters of Ainu language were needed. In this article, the history of Ainu language interpreters and their first appearance is researched based on Japanese archive materials. The research also focuses on the functions the interpreters performed and their status in Japanese society at the time. There was a separate category of interpreters of the Ainu language in Matsumae, who were involved exclusively in important official events of the Matsumae clan. Their functions and positions in society, as well as the first mentions of Ainu language experts who succeeded in their profession, are also examined in detail. Particular attention is paid to the status and functions of the interpreters of the Ainu language in Ezo at the beginning of the 18th century, when a new basho trading system was introduced in Japan. The subject of the Ezo interpreters’ level of command of the Ainu language is also in the focus of the research. The study mentions the attempts to compile the first dictionaries of the Ainu language and the difficulties that came with it. The author concludes that the functions of interpreters of the Ainu language have undergone tremendous changes. In the 17th century, the services of interpreters were used only for the occasions of trade, as well as ceremonies of welcoming or escorting a ship. By the end of the 18th century, they stood at the forefront of the Japanese control of the Ainu. Their rights and obligations were so extensive that, in fact, they, as representatives of local authorities, completely controlled the Ainu people.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>переводчики с айнского языка</kwd><kwd>айны</kwd><kwd>история Японии</kwd><kwd>Эдзо</kwd><kwd>Хоккайдо</kwd><kwd>словари айнского языка</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>the interpreters of Ainu language</kwd><kwd>Ainu</kwd><kwd>history of Japan</kwd><kwd>Ezo</kwd><kwd>Hokkaido</kwd><kwd>Ainu language dictionaries</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Климов В.Ю. 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