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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">japanjournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Японские исследования</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Japanese Studies in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-2872</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Association of Japanologists; Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55105/2500-2872-2023-1-46-58</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">japanjournal-333</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Продолжительность жизни в Японии (XVII – первая половина XX в.)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Life expectancy in Japan (17th – first half of the 20th centuries)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6004-5743</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мещеряков</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Meshcheryakov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мещеряков Александр Николаевич, доктор исторических наук, главный научный сотрудник Института классического Востока и античности</p><p>105066, Москва, ул. Старая Басманная, 21/4</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Meshcheryakov Alexander Nikolaevich, Dr. of Letters (History), Chief Researcher, Institute of Classical Oriental and Antiquity</p><p>105066, Moscow, Staraya Basmannaya Str., 21/4</p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National research university “Higher school of economics”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>46</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мещеряков А.Н., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мещеряков А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Meshcheryakov A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/333">https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/333</self-uri><abstract><p>Продолжительность жизни является важнейшим показателем состояния общества и качества жизни тех людей, которые живут в нем. Она зависит от множества факторов, влияющих на смертность: питания, физических нагрузок, эпидемических и иных заболеваний, природных, социальных и техногенных катастроф, уровня общественной тревожности, состояния экологии, здравоохранения, гигиены и т. д.</p><p>В Японии периода Токугава тело не принадлежало самому человеку. Его предназначением являлось «служение» – сюзерену и родителям. В токугавское время японцам внушали, что только здоровый человек может выполнить свой долг. Забота о здоровье возлагалась на самого человека, система государственного здравоохранения отсутствовала. Несмотря на огромные отличия в природных условиях, стиле жизни, пищевой диете и научно-медицинских представлениях, по продолжительности жизни Япония находилась приблизительно на одном уровне с крупными европейскими странами.</p><p>После революции Мэйдзи концепт «служения» не исчезает, но теперь его главным объектом выступает государство в лице императора. Государство предпринимало серьезные усилия для улучшения здравоохранения, но отрицательные последствия модернизации долгое время не позволяли увеличить продолжительность жизни. Ее медленный, но устойчивый рост начинается только со второй половины 1920-х гг. Тем не менее, перед Второй мировой войной по продолжительности жизни Япония существенно отставала от развитых стран Запада. Экспансионистская политика Японии требовала нарастить численность японцев. Поскольку увеличение продолжительности жизни является времязатратной задачей, выбор был сделан в пользу политики увеличения рождаемости.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Life expectancy is the most important indicator of the state of society and the quality of life of the people who live in it. It depends on many factors that affect mortality: nutrition, physical activity, epidemic and other diseases, natural, social and anthropogenic disasters, the level of public anxiety, the state of the environment, healthcare, hygiene, etc.</p><p>In Japan during the Tokugawa period, the body did not belong to the person himself. His mission was to “serve” – to the overlord and parents. This was possible only if the person was healthy for as long as possible. During the Tokugawa era, the Japanese were taught that only a healthy person could fulfill his duty. Healthcare was entrusted to the person himself, there was no public health system. Despite the huge differences in natural conditions, lifestyle, nutritional diet, scientific and medical ideas, in terms of life expectancy, Japan was approximately on the same level as major European countries.</p><p>After the Meiji revolution, the concept of “service” did not disappear, but now the main object of service became the state represented by the emperor. The state made serious efforts in the field of healthcare, but the negative consequences of modernization for a long time did not allow to increase life expectancy. Its slow but steady growth begins only in the second half of the 1920s. However, before the Second World War, Japan lagged significantly behind the developed countries of the West in terms of life expectancy. The expansionist policy of Japan demanded to increase the number of Japanese people. Since increasing life expectancy is a time-consuming task, the choice was made in favor of a policy of increasing the birth rate.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Япония</kwd><kwd>историческая демография</kwd><kwd>период от сёгуната Токугава до начала Второй мировой войны</kwd><kwd>продолжительность жизни</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Japan</kwd><kwd>historical demography</kwd><kwd>the period from the Tokugawa shogunate to the outbreak of World War II</kwd><kwd>life expectancy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баччи Массимо Ливи. Демографическая история Европы. Санкт-Петербург: Alexandria. 2010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bacci, M.L. (2010). Demograficheskaya istoriya Evropy [Demographic History of Europe]. Saint Petersburg: Alexandria. 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