japanjournalЯпонские исследованияJapanese Studies in Russia2500-2872Association of Japanologists; Institute of China and Modern Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences10.55105/2500-2872-2022-2-6-27japanjournal-255Research ArticleСтатьиПеревод «Свода правил [для] учеников школы тэракоя» Сасаяма Байан (конец XVII века)«The Rules for Terakoya School Disciples» by Sasayama Baian (late 17th century): Japanese text and Russian translationЛущенкоА. Ю.LushchenkoA. Yu.

Лущенко Алексей Юрьевич, PhD, научный сотрудник Отдела Дальнего Востока

191186, Санкт-Петербург, Дворцовая набережная, 18

Lushchenko Alexey Yu., PhD (Asian Studies), Researcher at the Department of Far Eastern Studies

18, Dvortsovaya emb., Saint Petersburg, 191186

alexeylushchenko@mail.ruИнститут Восточных Рукописей РАНРоссияInstitute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation20220407202202627Copyright © Лущенко А.Ю., 20222022Лущенко А.Ю.Lushchenko A.Y.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.japanjournal.ru/jour/article/view/255

В этой статье представлен полный перевод «Свода правил [для] учеников школы тэракоя» («Тэрако сэйкай сикимоку»), который составил учитель каллиграфии в городе Осака Сасаяма Байан (конец XVII века). Текст был не только нравоучительным перечнем правил школы, но и служил образцом для переписывания на уроках письма. Этот свод правил много раз переиздавался на протяжении XVIII–XIX веков и обрёл большую популярность как одно из пособий для школ тэракоя. Приведённые в этой статье текст и перевод основаны на издании 1835 г. Учитель Сасаяма Байан основное внимание уделяет не технике каллиграфии, а важности изучения письма и правильному поведению учеников. Ключевое значение имеет понятие Пути или Пути Человека (яп. хито но мити), в основе которого лежат конфуцианские этические понятия. Важное место в сочинении занимает взаимосвязь письма и сердца/ума (яп. кокоро) человека. Наставления затрагивают самые разные стороны жизни учеников: обращение с письменными принадлежностями, отношение к учителю и другим ученикам, прилежание и концентрация на учёбе, правила этикета, вредные привычки, поведение в школе и на улице. Таким образом, этот текст даёт представление о том, что одобрялось или порицалось в начальных школах тэракоя. В тексте наставлений встречаются обороты из эпистолярного стиля (яп. со:ро:бун), который использовался в личной переписке и в документах. Текст написан распространённым в период Эдо (1603–1868) скорописным каллиграфическим стилем. Это и другие пособия XVII–XIX веков можно использовать в учебных целях и в наше время, например, читая и переписывая их, как это делали в традиционных школах тэракоя.

The article contains a full Russian translation of «The Rules for Terakoya School Disciples» («Terako seikai shikimoku») written by the Osaka-based calligraphy teacher Sasayama Baian (late 17th century). This text was not only a list of school rules and moral teachings, but it also functioned as a model text to be copied by hand. It was republished many times in the 18th–19th centuries, gaining popularity as a text widely studied in terakoya schools. Japanese text and Russian translation presented in this article are based on the edition published in 1835. The work’s focus is not on handwriting techniques, but on the significance of mastering handwriting and on the proper behavior of disciples. The text’s author attaches great importance to the concept of the Human Way (hito no michi), that is rooted in Confucian ethics. Relationship between handwriting and human heart/mind (kokoro) figures prominently in this work. Its teachings cover various aspects of a disciple’s life: handling of writing utensils, interaction with teachers and classmates, diligence and concentration, etiquette, harmful habits, behavior in school and on the street. In general, this text clarifies what was approved and criticized in terakoya schools. This didactic text contains expressions written in the epistolary style (sōrōbun) that was used in letters and documents. The text is written in cursive style commonly used in the Edo period. This and other textbooks of the 17th–19th centuries can still be used for educational purposes. For example, it seems useful to read and copy them by hand following the practice of terakoya schools.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.